After iterating for over a decade in the iPhone and iPad, Apple in 2020 brought its custom silicon chip technology to the Mac, enabling major performance and power efficiency improvements. Since then, Apple silicon has expanded to every Mac model, spurring new designs and capabilities that were previously impossible.
Understanding the distinctions between Apple silicon chips will help you make an informed decision when selecting the right Mac for your needs. There have been two generations of Apple silicon for the Mac, each with four different chip variants. The main differences between the four different chip variants are as follows:
- M1 and M2: Standard Apple silicon chip with a balance of performance and power-efficiency.
- M1 Pro and M2 Pro: Apple silicon chip with additional high-performance CPU cores and twice the memory bandwidth of the M2 chip (200GB/s).
- M1 Max and M2 Max: Doubles the GPU cores and memory bandwidth (400GB/s) of the M1 Pro or M2 Pro chips for better graphics performance.
- M1 Ultra and M2 Ultra: Encompasses two M1 Max or M2 Max chips for double overall CPU and GPU performance, as well as twice the memory bandwidth (800GB/s).
Apple Silicon Generations
With the introduction of the M2 series of chips in 2022, Apple made some key improvements over the initial M1 series from 2020.
The below table provides a comparison between the M1 and M2 series, highlighting differences in the chips they are based on, node, CPU clock speed, Neural Engines, and more:
| M1 Series | M2 Series |
|---|---|
| Based on A14 Bionic chip from iPhone 12 | Based on A15 Bionic chip from iPhone 13 |
| 5nm node (N5) | Enhanced 5nm node (N5P) |
| 3.20 GHz CPU clock speed | 3.49 GHz CPU clock speed |
| High-performance "Firestorm" and energy-efficient "Icestorm" cores | High-performance "Avalanche" and energy-efficient "Blizzard" cores |
| Neural Engine | 40 percent faster Neural Engine |
| Video decode engine | Higher-bandwidth video decode engine |
| Image signal processor (ISP) | "New" image signal processor (ISP) |
| Launched November 2020 to March 2022 | Launched June 2022 to early 2024 |
The standard M2 chip also features several additional changes over its M1 predecessor, including:
| M1 | M2 |
|---|---|
| 68.25GB/s memory bandwidth | 100GB/s memory bandwidth |
| Media engine for hardware-accelerated H.264 and HEVC | Media engine for hardware-accelerated H.264, HEVC, ProRes, and ProRes RAW |
| – | ProRes encode and decode engine |
It is worth noting that all Apple silicon chips other than the M1 chip contain media engines for hardware-accelerated H.264, HEVC, ProRes, and ProRes RAW video.
Devices
Each Apple silicon chip is only available in a select number of Apple devices. The standard M1 and M2 chips are present in a large number of laptop and desktop devices, several iPad models, and even the upcoming Vision Pro headset, owing to their requirement for a balance of performance and efficiency. On the other hand, the M2 Ultra, Apple's most powerful custom silicon chip to date, is only available in the high-end Mac Studio and Mac Pro.
| (Standard) | Pro | Max | Ultra | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | MacBook Air (2020) Mac mini (2020) MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2020) iMac (2021) iPad Pro (2021) iPad Air (2022) |
MacBook Pro (14-inch and 16-inch, 2021) | MacBook Pro (14-inch and 16-inch, 2021) Mac Studio (2022) |
Mac Studio (2022) |
| M2 | MacBook Air (2022, 2023) MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2022) iPad Pro (2022) Mac Mini (2023) Vision Pro (2024) |
MacBook Pro (14-inch and 16-inch, 2023) Mac mini (2023) |
MacBook Pro (14-inch and 16-inch, 2023) Mac Studio (2023) |
Mac Studio (2023) Mac Pro (2023) |
CPU and GPU Cores
CPU cores are individual processing units within a Central Processing Unit (CPU) responsible for executing instructions and performing general-purpose tasks, while GPU cores are specialized units within a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) designed for parallel processing and graphics-intensive tasks.
The number of CPU and GPU cores in an Apple silicon chip impacts the performance and multitasking capabilities of a Mac, with more cores leading to faster and more efficient execution of tasks, especially in intensive workloads. The table below presents a comparison of the core configurations and GPU specifications for the different variants of the M1 and M2 chips:
| (Standard) | Pro | Max | Ultra | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | 4 high-performance cores 4 energy-efficient cores 7- or 8-core GPU |
6 or 8 high-performance cores 2 energy-efficient cores 14- or 16-core GPU |
8 high-performance cores 2 energy-efficient cores 24- or 32-core GPU |
16 high-performance cores 4 energy-efficient cores 48- or 64-core GPU |
| M2 | 4 high-performance cores 4 energy-efficient cores 8- or 10-core GPU |
6 or 8 high-performance cores 4 energy-efficient cores 16- or 19-core GPU |
8 high-performance cores 4 energy-efficient cores 30- or 38-core GPU |
16 high-performance cores 8 energy-efficient cores 60- or 76-core GPU |
Deciding how many CPU cores you need depends on the specific tasks and workflows you intend to perform on your Mac. For example, if you primarily engage in basic tasks like web browsing, document editing, and media consumption, an eight-core chip should suffice. On the other hand, if you work with demanding workloads like software development, opting for a higher core count can provide significant performance benefits. Similarly, graphics-intense workflows like video editing, 3D modeling, or gaming will benefit from additional GPU cores.
Benchmarks
Computer benchmark scores are standardized measurements that evaluate the performance of chips, providing a numerical representation for comparing capabilities and assessing performance against industry standards. The data on this chart is calculated from Geekbench 6 results users uploaded to Geekbench. Geekbench 6 scores are calibrated against a baseline score of 2,500 (which is the score of an Intel Core i7-12700 performing the same task).
The below Geekbench 6 scores show the range from the lowest specification chip in the least powerful Mac to the highest specification chip in the most powerful Mac.
| (Standard) | Pro | Max | Ultra | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | Single-Core: 2,324–2,346 Multi-Core: 8,204–8,368 Metal: 31,549 |
Single-Core: 2,359–2,371 Multi-Core: 10,276–12,132 Metal: 64,096 |
Single-Core: 2,369–2,397 Multi-Core: 12,108–12,369 Metal: 108,584 |
Single-Core: 2,381 Multi-Core: 17,677 Metal: 152,706 |
| M2 | Single-Core: 2,561–2,625 Multi-Core: 9,583–9,687 Metal: 42,573 |
Single-Core: 2,633–2,647 Multi-Core: 12,028–14,203 Metal: 76,304 |
Single-Core: 2,730– Multi-Core: 14,405– Metal: 131,408 |
Single-Core: Multi-Core: Metal: 208,028 |
Both the M1 and M2 chips demonstrate performance improvements in single-core and multi-core tasks as you move from the base to the Ultra variants, with the M2 chip showcasing even higher performance across the board. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that benchmarks do not tell the whole story. Benchmarks focus on specific tasks and synthetic workloads, and do not always accurately capture real-world usage scenarios and variations.
Unified Memory
Apple silicon chips have a unified memory architecture, meaning that the RAM is tied directly to the processor for maximum speed and efficiency. This means that the chip you choose determines what memory option are available, and it is not upgradable at a later date.
| (Standard) | Pro | Max | Ultra | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | 8GB 16GB |
16GB 32GB |
32GB 64GB |
64GB 128GB |
| M2 | 8GB 16GB 24GB |
16GB 32GB |
32GB 64GB 96GB |
64GB 128GB 192GB |
Deciding how much RAM you need depends on your specific tasks and usage patterns. 8GB should be enough for most users, but upgrading to 16GB or 24GB could be sensible for users with more intense multitasking requirements. Amounts of memory beyond 32GB are generally reserved for seriously demanding workflows.
Final Thoughts
Overall, if you are new to Apple silicon and are still not sure which chip to buy, use the following rationale:
- Buy M1 or M2 if... you need a good balance of price, performance, and battery life and have normal day-to-day computing requirements.
- Buy M1 Pro or M2 Pro if... you need a performance-focused chip for slightly more intense workflows.
- Buy M1 Max or M2 Max if... you need additional graphics performance for working with images, videos, graphic design, or games.
- Buy M1 Ultra or M2 Ultra if... you need the best possible overall performance for extremely intense professional workflows.
It is generally not worth upgrading from any of the individual M1 chips to their direct successors and it may be better to wait for Apple to launch the M3 series of chips. Apple has not yet released any M3-series chips, but the company is rumored to launch the M3 chip toward the end of 2023. It is expected to be Apple's first chip based on TSMC's 3nm process, a significantly smaller node, which should lead to major performance and efficiency improvements over the M1 and M2 chips that are currently on offer.
Related Roundups: iMac, Mac Studio, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro 13", MacBook Pro 14 & 16" , Mac mini, Mac Pro
Tag: Apple Silicon
Buyer's Guide: iMac (Don't Buy), Mac Studio (Buy Now), 15" MacBook Air (Buy Now), 13" MacBook Pro (Don't Buy), 14" & 16" MacBook Pro (Neutral), 13" MacBook Air (Caution), Mac Mini (Buy Now), Mac Pro (Buy Now)
This article, "Apple Silicon Buyer's Guide: All the Differences Explained" first appeared on MacRumors.com
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